I'm probably not the most qualified person to answer this, but I seem
to be one of the first, so I get to take a shot at it.
Conlang is short for constructed language, artlang is short for
artificial language. To me, conlang and artlang are the same thing,
although I kind of like the term artlang a little more because it has
"art" in it, and makes it feel more like an art project than a
contruction project.
Auxlang, I believe, is short for auxiliary language, and has more of a
scientific, or logical, feel to it. Auxlangs, in my opinion, are
geared more toward adapting existing languages for some specific
usage, or taking out the unclarities and ambiguities.
I'm not sure what an altlang is.
There are also natlangs, or natural languages.
And you're right, there's probably a lot of personal opinion in which
word is best. But then, that's what makes languages so much fun -
finding the right nuance.
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